Still is a UK-based professor of crowd science, who has trained organisers and planners for global events including the Olympics and the Haj pilgrimage. In his workshops, the professor insists on the importance of "visualizing risks" by mapping entry and exit points and anticipating crowd flow. From the video clips of Saturday's incident, he gathered that the area was too small. "The images show crowd density and talk of gates being shut on crowds. This can result in severe crushing," says 55-year-old Still, adding that the authorities need to understand basic crowd management techniques.
The best strategy is "to plan for different scenarios, train staff and invest in real-time data," says Fiona Strens, CEO of CrowdVision, a UK-based firm whose software has been used at Mecca and the London 2012 Olympics. The company's software processes video feeds from busy locations to get information about crowd size and danger levels.
"Technology is of value as police can react to that information quickly," says Neil Wain, a researcher with the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge University. Recently, Wain delivered a lecture on crowd control at the National Police Academy in India. "I witnessed some excellent management by the police at last year's Maha Kumbh Mela," says Wain, who attributes this to meticulous planning by an experienced officer, who had exposure to international methods. "It is important to liaise with the organisers before the event," says Wain, adding that this type of policing is used in the UK. During major public gatherings in London, the police "frequently defer to individuals and organisations that have crowd management skills," says Emma Parkinson, a senior lecturer in Crowd Safety Management at Buckinghamshire New University.
There is evidence that using social media to monitor and connect with crowds is effective. "It is useful in sharing information with the crowd that may influence their behaviour," says Parkinson. The Mumbai incident, she says, raises questions such as why the authorities were unprepared and why the mourning was allowed to take place in an area known for its small streets and relative lack of accessibility. In the face of numerous mass crowd incidents at religious gatherings across India, "one must learn from history and come up with emergency response plans," says Parkinson.
The recent incident in Mumbai is a case of overcrowding and not a stampede. They could be avoided if authorities understand basic crowd management techniques and safety measures, which are all relatively low cost .
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